Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Australian Welfare State and How to Kick it - 1401 Words

Welfare dependency has increased dramatically since the mid 1960s, with a growing trend of more claimants and fewer payers. Saunders believes the welfare system is revealing serious flaws which are encouraging welfare dependency mainly due to a system which does not encourage self-reliance and work ethic for the majority of recipients. Saunders addresses the issue of poverty amongst welfare dependent households, arguing that current benefits sit above the poverty line and that increased benefits will not necessarily solve poverty, alternatively increasing dependency beyond current levels. He recognises the efficiency and equity implications of the current system, calling for significant and simultaneous reforms to the tax system, labour†¦show more content†¦Lack of work generated income while receiving welfare clearly leads to dependency if the surrounding structural conditions promote this option for the public. High Effective Marginal Tax Rates are one of the structual exp lanations for why people perceive welfare as maximising their options in regard to income and work. Lowering tax is one efficient solution to counter act poverty in welfare dependency. In 2003, 8% of the working population endured EMTRs of 60% or more (Saunders, 2004: 139). Because income support is based off combined family income while taxation is based individually, many part time second income earners see that working is not worth their while (Saunders, 2004: 139). Incentive based welfare reform should mean not punishing those who choose to work (if able) instead of receive benefits on weak claims. Saunders tax reforms suggest that in order for labour to be encouraged the tax system must sit equal with the welfare system in measuring a families income, acknowledging how many people have to be supported by combined income (Saunders, 2004: 143). Other solutions to the effects of high EMTRs are to raise the tax free threshold, replace means tested child payments with flat rate pay ments (Saunders, 2004: 142). Regulatory failures in regard to the labour market hasnt helped Australias Welfare system encourage people into work. High minimum award wages has cut jobShow MoreRelatedAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol-related harm. [1] [Minimum Age Limits Worldwide. International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved 2009-09-20.] In Australian society, alcohol has many roles. Many Australians take alcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and for social reasons, and generally they consume alcohol at levels that cause few adverse effects. However, a significant proportion of Australians take alcohol at levels that cause adverse effects. In many countries, Australia inclusive, disease, injury and a considerableRead MoreAlcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage1362 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol-related harm. [1] [Minimum Age Limits Worldwide. International Center for Alcohol Policies. Retrieved  2009-09-20.] In Australian society, alcohol has many roles. Many Australians take alcohol mostly for relaxation, enjoyment and for social reasons, and generally they consume alcohol at levels that cause few adverse effects. However, a significant proportion of Australians take alcohol at levels that cause adverse effects. In many countries, Australia inclusive, disease, injury and a considerableRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against Aboriginal Australians From The Point Of View Of An Indigenous Individual Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pageswith people like u around, Prejudice will never die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This famous poem by Indigenous Australian Colleen Kickner (George, 2015) highlights the extreme racial discrimination against Aboriginal Australians from the point of view of an Indigenous individual, specifically in regards to the consumption of alcohol. The somewhat vulgar language as well as being slightly comical in a way, paints a very good picture of how strongly Kickner feels towards the prejudice shown and assumptions made by the (presumably)Read MoreSocial Research On Ethical And Political Context1556 Words   |  7 Pages(Royse, et al, 2006, pp 98-99). LITERATURE REVIEW The 2011 Australian Census, it was reported that 6,117 young Victorians aged 12-24 are homeless on any given night. (Council to homeless persons, 2014). â€Å"While there are practical and mathematical difficulties in measuring homelessness, it s likely that the figures have increased since the 2011 census† (Rugged up, 2013). According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 59 per cent of people seeking immediate accommodation from governmentRead MoreThe Significance of Van Mahotsav for Biodiversity1467 Words   |  6 Pageswater there can be no rivers and no rain-fed forests. We must all understand and recognize that the sustenance of human life on this planet cannot be arranged without trees.† A quote from the 18th century British poet Christopher Smart who wrote of how plants and trees and flowers along with prayers can combine to make our lives beautiful and meaningful and profitable. â€Å"Trees, plants, and flowers of virtuous root; Gem yielding blossom, yielding fruit †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. And with sadness of the gale enrich theRead MoreSuggestive Solutions Guide to Past Exam Papers5119 Words   |  21 Pageswe have used diï ¬â‚¬erent textbooks and course outline and even in some years— the exam format is bit diï ¬â‚¬erent. Therefore, attempting such questions you might end up with a problem which is summarized by another wise saying 1 i.e. â€Å" The philosophers kick up the dusts and then complain that they cannot see†. So be rational and make your decision wisely in this regard. Finally, I hope my eï ¬â‚¬ort will not go in vain and I wish you all the best. cheers Dr. Nabin 2 MPE781 Economics for Managers, ExamRead MoreThe Equal Education System9443 Words   |  38 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Wealthy kids usually do better in school than poor kids† . Australians likes to think of themselves as an egalitarian society in which everyone has a ‘fair go’ . This idea has led to the creation of an equal education system but today, the reality is far from this egalitarian system. Only 17% of Australians from low-socioeconomic backgrounds are able to attend university , roughly half the likelihood of Australians from medium and high socioeconomic backgrounds. This degree of socio-academicRead MoreProject Management and Max Lionel2301 Words   |  10 Pageslegislation and Codes of Conduct by Real Estate Institute of Victoria. SEE MARKING GUIDE Project client/owner Max Lionel Realty Projects manager KIM SWEENEY Special provisions The project is related to all legislations and regulation of Victoria’s state in Australia. LEGISLATION AND ASSUMPTIONS PAGE 127 Project scope definition The project will build customer goodwill and satisfy its legal and obligations: including the following; Deliver a presentation Clearly communicate legalRead MoreCritically Discuss the Psychological Contract in the Contemporary Organisation2809 Words   |  12 Pages939 business units in 36 organizations find out that job satisfaction concludes employee engagement, and are forecasting organisation progression (Harter, Schmidt and Hayes 2002, 268). The extended studies by Harter, Schmidt and Hayes (2002, 268) states that it is crucial to constantly stress on the degree of employee engagement and contented and happy employees would be very much motivated in the organisation (McShane and Travaglione 2007, 180). Poornima (2009, 35) has given a hypothesis that statisticallyRead MoreThe Impact of Derivatives on Cash Market21543 Words   |  87 Pages1999 Revised: February 3, 2000 The Impact of Derivatives on Cash Markets: What Have We Learned? Abstract This paper summarizes the theoretical and empirical research on how the introduction of derivative securities aï ¬â‚¬ects the underlying market. A wide array of theoretical approaches has been applied to the question of how speculative trading, the introduction of futures, or the introduction of options might aï ¬â‚¬ect the stability, liquidity and price informativeness of asset markets. In most cases

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Individual Risk Management - 948 Words

Individual Risk Management Craig Foster CPMGT/303 March 17, 2014 Dr. Daryoush Tehranchi Individual Risk Management The objective of risk management is to develop response actions to minimize the impact of possible negative events during every phase of a project. The process also works to increase the impact of the positive events and mitigate the problems associated with making changes (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risks in many projects are multifaceted in nature because the positive impact created at one stage of a project, could have dire consequences at another. For example, occasionally in construction projects, floor slabs will have design defects that will not properly drain and eliminate†¦show more content†¦The RMP delivers four main objectives significant to the project, by categorizing the risk into different levels for each phase and department. The risk categorization provides the probability and impact of the risk to gain a better understanding of the impact on the project in terms that are explicit to each, department, or sta keholder at every stage. The risk management matrix has four primary project objectives defining a plan to address cost, time, scope, and quality. The risk management during the initial planning stages is performed the same way with adjusted tolerances because of limited information. (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). Provided below is a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) as defined in the; A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide). The RBS is performed on the information in the course syllabus â€Å". Your organization has decided that to be successful in the global economy it must expand its supply base into China† (The Apollo Group Inc., 2010). Project Risks: Internal risks of compatibility with stakeholders and foreign lending institutions. The technical capabilitites and servicing capacity for optimum production levels. External Risks: Implmenting organizational objectives in bureaucratic ccontext of host country and meet essential prog ram operations. RiskShow MoreRelatedRisks Associated With An Individual Perspective Of A Risk Management Program998 Words   |  4 Pagesneeded to be given to the potential risks associated with ongoing day to day activities. Risks can arise due to the nature of the materials in used, the equipment, the people, and so forth. However, it is important that a program is put into place which identifies the various risks that can occur, to understand the probability of the risks occurring and the potential impact on the business, the staff, the shareholders, customers, suppliers and the community, were a risk can be identified. *NonethelessRead MoreRole of Financial Statements in Decision Making1634 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC: ASESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT THE ABSTRACT This proposal study explores financial credit risk assessment. This is an important issue because there is currently no standardized method used by financial institutions for the assessment of credit risk. There are needs for a critical evaluation of the most popular credit risk assessment methods such as the judgmental method, credit-scoring and portfolio models along with limitations used. Survey interview process is neededRead MoreSoftware Projects And Risk Exposure Among Student Software Project Development Process Essay969 Words   |  4 Pageschange in organizational management during the project etc. in a company will all have impacts on the project. However, for students’ developers, these issues are not within the consideration most of the times. The realization of huge differences on potential risks between students’ software projects and industrial software projects drives us to analyze risks among student population more closely and independently from existing work. To gain more insight into the risk exposure among student softwareRead MoreEssay on Honeywell Case Study1198 Words   |  5 PagesHoneywell, Inc. and Integrated Risk Management Case Analysis Submitted to: Prof. A. Kanagaraj By Vivek Gupta Section C, 944 Executive Summary: Honeywell was a multibillion-dollar, International Corporation employing 53000 people and managing operations in 95 countries. It was the largest producer of control systems and products used to regulate heating and air conditioning in commercial buildings and of systems in avionics systems. Carrying out business in 95 countries firmRead MoreBlue Cross Blue Shield Of Georgia1669 Words   |  7 PagesCommission has set forth standards for health care organizations to reduce the number of risks and amend the quality of care and the safety of the patient. Risk management and quality management focus on these attributes of the organization and the patient. Risks are impossible to avoid since it linked to everyday living and the workforce. Risk management must take the initiative to distinguish and oversee these risks. Due to the lack of consistency in the quality of care, health care organizations aimRead MoreImplement and monitor WHS policies, procedures and programs to meet legislativ e requirements.1188 Words   |  5 PagesHealth and Safety Management System is the framework of how we organize Work Health and Safety (WHS) in the hotel BARCELONA. This Policy and Procedure Manual is organized in accordance with AS/NZ 4801- Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems and includes references to applicable WHS legislation including the WHS Regulation 2011. This WHS Policy and Procedures Manual contains general procedures for safe work. Individual job specific safety procedures are maintained by individual departmentsRead MoreMy Responsibility As A Risk Management Professional1078 Words   |  5 Pagesabout your responsibility as a Risk Management professional. My job is very in depth and it encompasses a variety of responsibilities such as the following areas: ââ€" Maintaining and improving the organization reputation ââ€" Financing, insurance, and claims management ââ€" Liabilities †¢Event and incident management †¢Clinical research †¢Psychological and human healthcare †¢Emergency preparedness ââ€" Data collection and storage ââ€" Risk monitoring and control ââ€" Risk analysts on Modeling ââ€" Risk information and effectiveRead MoreCase Study : Global Risk Manager1318 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Risk Manager The article in question is based on a Global Risk Manager illustrating the dangers associated with the deployment of employees worldwide. The methods for planning risks discussed in this week’s readings can be used to solve similar problems in different ways. Obviously, the risks that accompany deployment of employees worldwide are rethinking the part of mobility professionals. They must have strong financial acumen, learning of duty and immigration risks, employee relationsRead MoreHealthcare Risk Management ( Hrm )1106 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare risk management ( HRM) began in the late 1970s when hospitals are facing a malpractice crisis (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). According to Kavaler and Alexander (2014), it is estimated more than 140,000 Americans die from medical errors and the cost ranges between $17 billion and $29 billion each year in the United States (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). In this essay, the student will explain a healthcare risk management program, evaluate the program for compliance with the American SocietyRead MoreRisk Management Plan For A Company1333 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Management The process that helps project managers follow when they need to calculate, identify, and manage risk in a company is defined as Risk Management. When a company faces risk, risk management would be the ideal solution to use that to solve the known and unknown risks. Risk management plans should be ready to help reduce and prevent those risks because most risks in a company are uncertain. When a company is facing risks that are uncertain, these risks come up very fast and they could

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Jonas the New Receiver free essay sample

Can you imagine a world where everything is under control, there is no war, pain, or fear but nobody has a right to choose yet it is perfect? Well, Lois Lowry did. She created a world where everyone were supposed to be happy in her futuristic novel, the Giver. Jonas, the protagonist of the story, was selected to be the new Receiver of Memory. It turns out Jonas was singled out with all the differences he had since he started to feel unlike his friends. Not many people were like Jonas; Gabriel, the baby who almost got released, was like him but what was waiting for him in the future? Jonas, who actually aims to be an obedient citizen of his community, ends up realizing the control of the system over people throughout his training to be a thoughtful, compassionate, and brave Receiver. Jonas is thoughtful. For example, he wonders and questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Jonas the New Receiver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is he does not just settle for everything around him easily. Likewise, he tries to tell the truths of the community to his family and friends just to make them realize. In other words, Jonas did no longer want to be alone with his inner thoughts, awareness, and memories so that he wanted to share them but couldn’t. Jonas had always been obedient but receiving the memories made him ask why’s, and try to make someone understand the community is not perfect as everyone thought to be. Along with the memories, Jonas gains the bravery as well. For instance, he wanted to feel the pain while receiving the memories. He was being brave and accepted the pain he has to receive. Moreover, he decides to leave the community to go Elsewhere and never come back. Jonas ran away from the truth he couldn’t share, thanks to his bravery. Jonas had hesitated about being different at first but then he fled so that the people would know the things he knows, feel the way he feels. Jonas has been a compassionate guy. For example, he was worried about the Giver’s burden of memories that caused him pain. He considered the Giver’s pain more than his and was willing to have some of the pain to lighten the Giver. Furthermore, he gave some of his new memories of happiness and calmness to Gabriel. He was worried about Gabriel and tried to smoothen him by giving him these memories because otherwise, his father was going to release Gabe just because he slept soundly. Jonas has learned many things from the memories, of course, but his way of thinking for others was probably the most precious thing he had gained through the training. The Giver is just the perfect book to understand how a utopic community can turn out to be dystopian for a young boy who is receiving the past, the truth, and the facts of the community. People never knew, maybe they never will, but a world can never be perfect while it includes the human factor, a system of flows, in it. The fabric of life was to make people feel the way he felt for Jonas so that he went to Elsewhere, someplace where the lies of the community were buried underneath. Jonas wanted the freedom he deserved after all, he wanted to choose so he chose to go away with Gabriel, as being a role model for the ones who has been the slaves of the systems in the real world.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Reasons for and consequences of separatism within and across national borders free essay sample

Separatism is the wanting or succession of being separate and splitting from a main country, usually because they no longer identify with the main body they are attached/part of. As a result, they feel isolated and excluded from the main body and wish to no longer be a part of it, which can often result in peaceful separation from that body, however it is sometimes very violent and may bring about more negatives than positives. Separatism is often the result of certain needs or reasons that the majority of a population in one area agree with, these reasons include reasons like feeling economically isolated, minorities with different cultures or ethnicities that simply do not belong to the main body, the feeling of being exploited by others, the natural collapse of the state, splitting it into many smaller states. As a result of this, there is many consequences brought about, for example the aim is often succeeded, which is the establishment of clear, separate states or countries, the protection of a language, the growth of political parties, terrorism and civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for and consequences of separatism within and across national borders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The majority of the consequences are positive, however the negative consequences are never felt softly, they are always hard hitting globally, for example the violence that the separatism of Timor caused. Sometimes separatism will be forced upon people who didnt want it as a result of greed(The partition of Bengal) or due to the nature of the time, for example the separating of East Germany and West Germany following world war 2. One of the main reasons of the willingness of separatism is a difference in religion beliefs, as a difference in these beliefs is usually a very strong one and in certain areas of the world there is no limitation of religious oppression, often resulting in people dying as a result of religious oppression. As a result, people are often willing to go very far to support their own religious beliefs, this includes separating from a country in order to avoid differences in beliefs and conflicts. This is very evident in Sudan, which was once the largest country in Africa until it separated in 2011. This is an example of religious conflicts causing separatism as the Christian people were struggling under the rule of the Arab Muslim north and so they felt like independence was needed to separate the Muslim north and the Christian south. The situation in Sudan shows clear consequences of what happens when countrys separate when its related to a sensitive topic, such as religion, and it isnt dealt with properly, as the borders were not made clear in Sudan it has resulted in a lot of violence, and on top of that, the majority of the resources went to the south, showing a very unfair scenario of separatism, but also highlights how sometimes separatism isnt just black and white. That theres a lot to take into account, the resources, the terrain, the population, and if these arent all considered and taken into account, the consequence will more than likely be violence, as evident in Sudan where around 690,000 have been displaced along with many needless deaths. Another example of a cause of separatism is oppression and nationality, the idea of being feeling oppressed and wanting to be separate and free. There is many examples of this in history, the most famous being the US declaration of independence where the US felt oppressed by the English and wanted to be separate and no longer colonised. This is another example of separatism that is often very violent and causes a lot of deaths. An example of this is Timor where Portugal ruled east Timor until 1975, where they withdrew, and almost instantly after the Timorese declared independence, Indonesia invaded and used violence to take over. As a result of this, there was many uprising and revolts, and in 1991 the Indonesian people retaliated by opening fire on a memorial procession, killing around 300. As a result the Indonesians were pressured into allowing an independence referendum. This shows an example of a nationalist-separatist movement where a nation resists annexation from another state who only aims to exploit them, and as a consequence, there was unneeded deaths and violence, but a separate East Timor was established, which was the aim all along. Separatism doesnt always have to be violent or cause violence, and often it doesnt, as the cause of separatism often correlates with the consequences of the separatism, for example a non-violent political dispute for separatism will often result in a peaceful separation. An example of this is Scotland, which also provides to be an example of not only feeling economically feeling isolated from the main body (The U. K) but also provides as an example of a country that feels like it is being exploited with England using the north sea oil and gas reserves, and on top of that, nationalism. The entirety of the push for separatism for Scotland has been peaceful and political, and as a clear consequence of this, there has been no violence, but also there will be a preservation of the native Scottish culture and preservation of its separate education and legal system from the U. K. Essentially, Scotland is already separate from the U. K, except with the other countries using the resources within the Scottish boundary which is why there is an uprising on Scottish nationalism in the first place, along with the fact that being separate will benefit them immensely. In conclusion, while separatism is almost guaranteed to cause conflicts, the expression of this conflict doesnt always necessary have to be violent, it can remain peaceful, and often the expression of wanting separatism being peaceful usually results in peaceful consequences. However it is also fair to say that sometimes the violence is unavoidable, such as places where oppression is high and freedom is low, however it is very easy to say that violence could easily be avoided in places where conflict is the result of things that need not cause violence, such as religion and differences in opinions.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Louisa Adams, First Lady 1825 - 1829

Louisa Adams, First Lady 1825 - 1829 Known  for:  Only foreign-born First Lady Dates:  February 12, 1775 - May 15, 1852  Occupation: First Lady of the United States 1825 - 1829 Married to: John Quincy Adams Also known as: Louisa Catherine Johnson, Louisa Catherine Adams, Louise Johnson Adams About Louisa Adams Louisa Adams was born in London, England, making her the only US First Lady who was not born in America. Her father, a Maryland businessman whose brother signed the Bush Declaration of Support for Independence (1775), was the American consul in London; her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson, was English. She studied in France and in England. Marriage She met American diplomat John Quincy Adams, son of American founder and future president John Adams,  in 1794. They were married on July 26, 1797, despite the disapproval of the grooms mother, Abigail Adams. Immediately after the marriage, Louisa Adams father became bankrupt. Motherhood and Move to America After several miscarriages, Louisa Adams bore her first child, George Washington Adams. At that time, John Quincy Adams was serving as Minister to Prussia. Three weeks later, the family returned to America, where John Quincy Adams practiced law and, in 1803, was elected a US Senator. Two more sons were born in Washington, DC. Russia In 1809, Louisa Adams and their youngest son accompanied John Quincy Adams to St. Petersburg, where he served as Minister to Russia, leaving their older two sons to be raised and educated by John Quincy Adams parents. A daughter was born in Russia, but died at about a year old. In all, Louisa Adams was pregnant fourteen times. She miscarried nine times and one child was stillborn. She later blamed her long absence for the early deaths of the two older sons. Louisa Adams took up writing to keep her mind off her grief. In 1814, John Quincy Adams was called away on a diplomatic mission and, the next year, Louisa and her youngest son traveled in winter from St. Petersburg to France a risky and, as it turned out, challenging journey of forty days. For two years, the Adams lived in England with their three sons. Public Service in Washington On returning to America, John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State and then, in 1824, President of the United States, with Louisa Adams making many social calls to help him get elected. Louisa Adams disliked the politics of Washington and was fairly quiet as a First Lady. Just before the end of her husbands term in office, their oldest son died, perhaps by his own hands. Later the next oldest son died, probably as a result of his alcoholism. From 1830 to 1848, John Quincy Adams served as a Congressman. He collapsed on the floor of the House of Representatives in 1848. A year later Louisa Adams suffered a stroke. She died in 1852 in Washington, DC, and was buried in Quincy, Massachusetts, with her husband and her in-laws, John and Abigail Adams. Memoirs She wrote two unpublished books about her own life, with details about life around her in Europe and Washington: Record of My Life in 1825, and The Adventures of a Nobody in 1840. Places:   London, England; Paris, France; Maryland; Russia; Washington, D.C.; Quincy, Massachusetts Honors: When Louisa Adams died, both houses of Congress adjourned for the day of her funeral. She was the first woman so honored.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Moi Non Plus - French Expression Explained

Moi Non Plus - French Expression Explained The French expression moi non plus ​(pronounced [mwa no(n) plu]) expresses agreement with a negative statement. Its the equivalent of the English statement me neither or neither do I. It literally translates to me no more and its register is normal.  Note that moi can be replaced by a name, a noun, or another stressed pronoun: Pierre non plus - neither does Pierre, Pierre doesnt eithermon mari non plus - neither does my husband, my husband doesnt eitherles professeurs non plus - neither do teachers, teachers dont eithertoi non plus / vous non plus - you either, neither do yoului non plus - him either, neither does heelle non plus - her either, neither does shenous non plus - us either, neither do weeux non plus / elles non plus - them either, neither do they Examples Tu naimes pas le jazz ? Moi non plus.You dont like jazz? Me neither / Neither do I. Sandrine ne veut pas y aller, et moi non plus.Sandrine doesnt want to go, and neither do I. Nous navons pas dargent, toi non plus ?We dont have any money, you (dont) either? Je ne peux pas taider, et Dany non plus.I cant help you, and neither can Dany. You can also use non plus with a negative adverb or pronoun:Je naime pas le jazz non plus.I dont like jazz either. Il ne parle personne non plus.Hes not talking to anyone either. And you can use non plus on its own, in which case there is no simple English equivalent: -Nous navons pas de thà ©.-Et du cafà © ?-Non plus.-We dont have any tea.-What about coffee?-(We dont have) that either.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Contract Remoteness of Damages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract Remoteness of Damages - Essay Example Sometimes, breach are treated immaterially when the aggrieved party may not have actually suffered actual damage from the breach or may have and at other times, the other party is compelled to indemnify and perform accordingly to the agreed terms or pay minimal damages resulting to such breach. Other fundamental breach of contract treated as a grave offense against the agreement itself results to the termination of the performance of the contract thereby entitling the party to sue for damages. In anticipation of a probable breach, a party may sue for the termination of the contract and file for damages without the actual breach taking place. Consequently, the laws that provides a remedy for any breach of contract is commonly known by lawyers as the "rule of remoteness" that is determined by the contractual agreement, even when it is not covered in its express terms. Further the law has delegated and simplified the classification under non-pecuniary and pecuniary losses with the former commonly sought as a supportive argument in respect for personal injuries and deaths. Such differences are identified in a contract to measure the nature of breach of duty which the damage meant to undo and award is reflective in the underlying obligation. Sometimes, rather than argue for the actual obligation to take particular effect, the aggrieved party is keener on pressing charges with the pure knowledge of the allocation which the law has recognized. This has concurrently resulted and thereby pushed the limit to the losses for which the other party is actually responsible within at the time of conclusion of the agreement. This will i n fact result to people placing more emphasis in contract making which has been treated on the possible losses arising from its breach than the advantages gained from its performance. Law and jurisprudence dictates that in losses arising from the breach of contract, the remoteness of damages is governed by certain doctrines that treat the losses as fair and reasonable which in Hadley v. Baxendale [1854] is justified as, "according to the usual course of things" (non-pecuniary) and "supposed to be in contemplation of both parties at the time the contract was made" (pecuniary). Non-pecuniary damages are measured by the loss of bargain, wasted expenditures; and total failure of consideration under the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978. A requirement common to both, of course, is that an injury must have been sustained by the claimant himself nonetheless, differs for while it is pecuniary in actual or compensatory damages, it is, upon the other hand, non-pecuniary in the case of actual damages. The actual loss under judicial discretion is a manifestation yet an assumption to be assessed under no accepted principle but upon which answers may be based. Under the question of significance, whatever reasonably appears to have been significant to the promisor in assuming the risk(Smith, 1997), setting the price and deciding in how much effort to expend in order to perform may be up to the value of an ordinary loss that was contemplated if in fact it did not occur. Guided by the principles of "quantum meruit", express agreements and fixed in a contract shall entitle the aggrieved to claim for what is agreed in

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Slavery Legacy anf Its Influence on Economic Development of U.S. South Assignment

Slavery Legacy anf Its Influence on Economic Development of U.S. South - Assignment Example With the elimination of slavery during the civil war, African- Americans slaves during the earlier periods had fundamentally no introduction to proper education. Evidently, the elevated extent of proceeds disparity, results from the influence of slavery on the existing finances. It is crucial to denote the impacts of slavery on the economy of the U.S. South. This is because the south experiences constant poverty. It has an elevated poverty rate than the American standard. It is important to assert that slavery contributed to the economic development of US; however, it posed numerous challenges in the realms of industrialization, education, and income equality. Slavery affected the early and present development of the south in subtle ways a well. With most of their wealth tied up in slaves, slave owners naturally strove to maximize the value of this asset. Given the mobility of forced labor, owners could afford to be footloose, regularly moving their slaves from place to place to acce ss the higher productive land. In contrast to their land-owning counter parts in the north, slaveholders had little incentives to spend in regional infrastructure, schools, or roads to encourage the growth of towns. All activities were associated with augmenting land cost but had no obvious impact on slave values. Thus, the south stayed more rural and institutionally underdeveloped compared to the north. For similar explanations, southerners did not expand their financial activities like investing in manufacturing. In 1840s, the south’s per capita investment in manufacturing was less than one-third of the north’s, a trend attributable to the south’s lack of urbanization, lack of infrastructure, unequal distribution of incomes, smaller home markets, and poor access to resources (Scott 313). In areas that relied heavily on slave labor, the economy focused narrowly on Agricultural activities and, Industrialization delayed. Industrialization was the south’s s econd importance (Scott 313). There was a hold back in manufacturing and commerce in the old South for three reasons. First, the slaves ware not capable of mastering the precise, delicate operations that manufacturing supposedly involved. Second, masters did not have the idea to gather adequate resources or the need to invest in industrialization (Smith 73). Thirdly, the absence of big town in the South was a necessary consequence of the insurrectionary risks such as concentrations of slaves would pose to southern society (Smith 73). Slavery was root to inequality. This has to date affected the education in the South. There is still bottomless and broad literature on the educational divide in the south. The proper learning was in accessible in the past to the slaves. Their first offspring were only able to complete fewer years of education on standard than the whites were. Furthermore, they had access to racial isolated communal schools, where they received a quality lower learning compared to that acquired by southern whites. Low learning and excellence led to the continuation of huge earnings difference. This has affected the economy of the south even today. The existing differences at the south are linked with disparity in earnings. Former slave countries are currently more imbalanced. They show a higher scarcity pace and a higher amount of racial discrimination. Moreover, racial inequality, which

Sunday, November 17, 2019

It’s Also For Me Essay Example for Free

It’s Also For Me Essay Since I was in prep school, there is always a significant number of people who talk to me in English. And even if it’s not my prime vernacular, I try really hard to converse back. I have to admit that, most of the time, I have difficulties in understanding native English speakers as the use of slang is very popular here in the United States. I got the hang of it, though, by trying to learn the language on my own – whenever my schedule permits. I scan the dictionary every once in a while, read English short stories often, and ask my friends to talk to me in English whenever possible. These are the few ways I dig to acquire competence in writing and speaking in English, not to mention the fact that I never have had an English subject back in elementary and high school. Now that I plan to enter college, I need to pass the University Writing Skills Requirement (UWSR) as a requisite for a baccalaureate degree in my prospect university. This requirement is to measure a student’s competency in English writing. It’s a tough thing for me – that’s a given. But with my determination and persistence to hone my English skills (writing in particular), I am certain that I will be able to go through it and be admitted. Why not? This could also be for me! I want to prove to myself that even if I’m not a native English woman, I can put myself in a position where the natives are in – level myself to them, so to speak. I started writing in English in grade school. Even if my phrasing is bad, and most of my sentences consist of grammatical errors, I never forwent my desire to write. To strike a balance, though, I also write in my native language which is place native language here. I kept a diary and wrote a number of poems both in English and in place native language here. Back then, I remember I had troubles with my subject-verb agreement. I weren’t able to differentiate phrases from sentences, nouns and verbs, the past and present tenses and all that jazz. And as to speaking, I seemed to suck at pronunciation; I used to pronounce mad, mud and mod in the same way! But as I said, that was before. I am now pretty complacent of my English skills, more importantly in writing. I considered challenge every single encounter I had with a native English speaker. I tried to talk back with all confidence; and true indeed, each experience 0effected to an improvement in my skills. I am positive about satisfying the UWSR by taking the Writing Skills Test (WST) which will demonstrate my critical thinking and good analysis. I answered a few English-written essays before, analyzed a few texts and answered tough personal questions from previous mentors. These have greatly helped me in enhancing whatever level of English I possess. With these all together, I am confident to take the WST. Young optimist I am, I believe that language should never ever curtail a child’s longing to be educated in a good school. Education for me is something to be literally fought for – something a child, no matter how financially constrained, should not fail to have. Everyone is entitled to it. I AM ENTITLED TO IT. Source: Writing Skills Test. California State University-East Bay. Retrieved 06 March 2008 at http://www. testing. csueastbay. edu/uwsr/wst/wsthome. php

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Dr. Noddings Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teaching Nodd

Dr. Noddings' Philosophy of Education Nel Noddings is a name unfamiliar to most people outside the educational community; but within it, even at 78, she remains one of the most influential voices. Her central passion which has carried her through 23 years of public school teaching, 10 children, a masters and Ph. D. degree, and over 20 years as a member of the faculty at Stanford can be summed up in one word: care. She writes of it, speaks about it, and practices it. What does Noddings mean when she writes of guiding teachers, â€Å"toward greater sensitivity and competence across all the domains of care.† Does it have a practical methodology behind it? Is it an appeal to pathos? It is difficult to thoroughly unpack all the Noddings has said about caring, but we can initiate our exploration of her concept by reading Maxine Greene's summary of the idea: â€Å"...the caring teacher tries to look through students' eyes, to struggle with them as subjects in search of their own projects, their own ways of making sense of the world.† (129, Philosophical Documents†¦) The idea appears exciting and innovative at first glance, but upon further analysis (as well as comparison with competing educational philosophies) we see that it is a modern form of one of two predominant, competing paradigms within Western tradition. The first paradigm tells us that a welleducated person is, as Locke puts it, â€Å"produced† (55) by the educator. The second paradigm is apparent in Reed and Johnson's summary of Aristotle, â€Å"...to assist human beings in developing their unique capacity to contemplate the world and their role in it.† (18) Noddings compels her reader to the furthest corners of the â€Å"assist† paradigm. For a teacher to â€Å"care† as Noddings prescrib... ...ed about just as much as theirs. Bibliography Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Renewing Democracy in Schools.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: April 1999. Vol. 80, Iss. 8; pg. 579, 5 pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Educating Whole People: A Response to Jonathan Cohen.† Harvard Educational Review: Summer 1999. Vol. 76, Iss. 2; pg. 338. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Teaching Themes of Care.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: May 1995. Vol. 76, Iss. 9; pg. 675, 5pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Thinking About Standards.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: Nov 1997. Vol. 79, Iss. 3; pg. 184, 6 pgs. Noddings, Nel. " Two Concepts of Caring." Philosophy of Education Yearbook. May 29, 2007 http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/eps/PES-Yearbook/1999/noddings.asp>. Reed, Ronald; Johnson, Tony W., ed. "Aristotle,† and â€Å"Maxine Greene." Philosophical Documents in Education. 2nd ed. Vol. 77. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Informative Speech on Taekwondo

Informative Speech Taekwondo Introduction Have you ever seen a martial arts demonstration, or hear of a demonstration team? Well, let me start off by telling you what a demonstration, or demo, team is and what they do. A demo team is a group of elite martial artists chosen to represent the school of martial arts to which they attend to the public during martial arts demonstrations. During these demonstrations they perform impressive feats that wow the audience such as, difficult board breaking techniques and impressive techniques learned through the study of the martial art they are representing.During my high school years I had the pleasure of being one of these elite martial artists. In the demonstrations I participated in I did things from, breaking boards in impressive ways, such as jumping over three people and doing a flying side kick through a board held by someone on the other side of them, to choreographed fighting and even actual sparing. All of these experiences of my were a part of my experience with a martial art known worldwide as taekwondo. Related article: Informative Speech About African CultureAccording to an academic journal titled: 2004 Olympic Tae Kwon Do Athlete Profile written in 2009, â€Å"Tae kwon do, a form of Korean martial art originally designed for warfare and self-defense, has in recent times become a well-recognized sport and has become more popular since its official introduction into the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. † First I'm going to give you a brief history on what Taekwondo is, then I'll talk to you about what taekwondo is, and finally, I will be sharing what practitioners of taekwondo normally do. Body I.Tae kwon do was originally designed for use in Korea's armed forces, but is now practiced worldwide and has become extremely popular as a sport and a way of self defense. A. Shortly after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945 the South Korean government ordered all of the major martial arts schools in the country to get together and make one universal martial art that they would t hen begin teaching to their military. B. This style that was made from all the different styles in the country at the time soon became known as taekwondo and quickly gained popularity. II.So I bet your all wondering what the heck taekwondo means. Well, according to martialartsresource. com, â€Å"‘Tae' means â€Å"foot† or â€Å"to strike with the feet†. â€Å"Kwon† means â€Å"hand†, or â€Å"to strike with the hand†. â€Å"Do† means discipline, art, or way. Hence TaeKwonDo (foot-hand-way) means literally â€Å"the art of the feet and the hands† or â€Å"the art of kicking and punching†. † A. Tae kwon do is a marital art that deals primarily with kicking. B. The focus on kicking is designed with the thought in mind that the leg is the longest most powerful weapon a martial artist has at his/her disposal. . This fact means that a martial artist that is very good with his legs can strike an opponent while he is stil l outside of his opponents range. 2. While remaining outside of your opponent's rang you can deal highly damaging blows without having to take any powerful blows from your opponent. III. Tae kwon do customs differ slightly depending on where it is taught. A. Tae kwon do practitioners generally practice bare foot and in places like gymnasiums. B.The uniforms worn by practitioners used to be the kind that you fold over and tie together, but because of the sport-like nature of it these days they uniform style of the V-neck is becoming increasingly popular. C. Practitioners of taekwondo generally take part in sparring matches. 1. There's a lot of gear you have to wear when sparring, these include: helmet, mouthpiece, chest guard, gloves, cup and shin guards. 2. There are also plenty of rules involved in sparing to make sure it is as safe as it can be. These include: no punching the face, no groin shots, no locks, no clinching, etc.Conclusion Today we learned that taekwondo is a martial arts style that involves mostly kicks, where it originated, and what some of the customary practices are. One last bit of information I want to leave you with is that, according to the American Taekwondo Association's Website that was last updated sometime this year, â€Å"Taekwondo is currently the most popular martial art in Korea, and ranks among America's and the world's most popular martial arts. † Thank you for listening to my presentation and I hope you all know a little bit more now than you did before.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Mademoiselle Magazine: a Christmas Memory Essay

â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, which was written by Truman Capote and originally published in Mademoiselle Magazine in December 1956, is a meaningful and emotional story about family. In which, the characters of a family are defined especially:† Family is not only a shelter but also a safe place to care, share memories, sacrifice, and love. † There are many definitions about family. One of them is â€Å"A family consists of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption residing in the same housing unit â€Å"(US Census Bureau. Its main functions are to produce and reproduce persons, biologically and/or socially; share material substances (such as food, shelter. ) However, two family members (Buddy and his cousin) in â€Å"A Christmas Memory† are connected with each other not only by consanguinity but also by love and friendship. The story employs a first-person narrator who is called Buddy –a seven-year-old boy, but it is not his real name. It was given by his distant cousin who is â€Å"sixty-something† and is described as â€Å"still a child. Though it is so sad that the more Buddy grows up, the older his friend is. His friend used to realize: â€Å"†¦ I guess I hate to see you grow up. When you’re grown up, will we still be friends? † But, their innocence keeps them be best friends despite age. Besides, both of them are poor and lonely. They are considered outsiders by their family. â€Å"Other people inhabit the house, relatives; and though they have power over us, and frequently make us cry, we are not, on the whole, too much aware of them. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, p. ) Throughout the story, other family members did not appear too much except for two occasions: One is when the Buddy’s friend let Buddy drink the leftover whiskey, the relatives yelled at her and brought up cousins and uncles who were involved in scandals and humiliated the family. This hurts Buddy’s friend and makes she cried all night. Another is on the Christmas morning when they gave Buddy gifts which made him angry: hand-me-downs, a church shirt, and a subscription to a religious magazine. Both of these appearances only bring sadness, tears and disappointment instead of charm or love. Moreover, they do not know about Buddy’s needs and desire: a bicycle. An interesting detail is: Buddy and his friend are very poor but why do they save every penny to make fruitcakes every year? Instead of selling fruitcakes to have some money or keeping them for themselves, Buddy and his cousin give these fruitcakes away to strangers: President Roosevelt, a knife grinder who comes through town twice a year, a driver of the six o’clock bus from Mobile who exchanges waves with them every day, a California couple whose car one afternoon broke down outside the house and chatted with them on the porch. Especially, although Mr. Haha Johnes is described as a â€Å"giant with razor scars across his cheeks† and never smiles, when Buddy and his cousin purchase whiskey for their fruitcakes from him, he gives it for free with a smile that means there is good in all people. People cannot be judged on their appearance. Sadly, these warm gestures are given to Buddy and his cousin by outsiders instead of their family. They are lonely and need love; especially at Christmas – a season for giving and reunite. It is a wonderful time of greetings, gifts, joy, care and sharing that their relatives never give them. Family is also where members sacrifice for each other. The story is a bittersweet reminiscence beginning with† Imagine a morning in later November. A coming of winter morning more than twenty years ago. Consider the kitchen of a spreading old house in a country town. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, p. 1) This places the story during the Great Depression- a time of great poverty which then results in many emotional details. The way Buddy and his cousin hide their money is so impressive:† These money we keep hidden in an ancient bead purse under a loose board under the floor under a chamber pot under my friend’s bed. (â€Å"A Christmas Memory,† p. 6) This purse seems very important and valuable with them and the women saves money and keep it carefully. She has never traveled more than five miles from homes and eaten in a restaurant. She still gives Buddy a dime to watch the movie show every Saturday. Even when Buddy is in military school, in every letter she also encloses a dime wadded in toilet paper. She wants to enhance Buddy’s skills. Buddy likes her eyes to describe the world outside for her. She is strong with morals and purity- innocent and trusts in the Lord. Moreover, she is charming like a mother or grandmother. Family is where people share happiness and sadness which become the most beautiful memories in their lives. Buddy and his friends have many unforgettable Christmas holidays together. They save money by selling fruits and flowers, killing flies, holding their own shows with pictures and a three-legged biddy chicken. And when the â€Å"fruitcake weather† comes, they buy ingredients to make fruitcakes and present it to their neighbors, friends or also strangers. Next, they venture into the woods and cut down a majestic tree. When a â€Å"rich mill owner’s lazy wife† offers to buy it, Buddy’s friend insists on refusing. They respect the Christmas spirit. It is much more valuable than money. Then, they decorate the tree with homemade ornaments and odds and ends found in the attic. Finally, they create gifts for their relatives. Buddy wishes he could give his friend a knife, a radio, and the chocolate-covered cherries she craves. His cousin wants to give Buddy a new bicycle. However, they embarrass to confess that they only have kites for each other like the previous Christmas. Despite that, Buddy and his friend are happy with their kites rather than what their relatives gave them. They spend Christmas day happily watching their homemade kites soar in the breeze. Buddy soon forgets disappointed gifts from his relatives and is excited â€Å"†¦as if we’d already won the fifty-thousand-dollar Grand Prize in that coffee-naming contest† while his friend happy as if she could see the Lord. (â€Å"A Christmas Memory, p. 20†). It is their last perfect Christmas together. â€Å"Those who Know Best† – the adults who do not care much about Buddy’s life as well as his dream- send Buddy to a military school where he is separated from his friend forever. Although Buddy has a new home, in his mind:† Home is where my friend is, and there I never go. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory,† p. 21) Home is not defined as a shelter. It is where he can find love and safety. Another meaningful in this story is the kite which is a symbol of freedom, heart, friendship, and dream to fly up high to touch the sky. Kites are also memories of their beautiful days together. Memories are something passing by our life that we cannot touch them again except for remembering them sometimes. However, they are important parts in our heart eternally. Thus, even when Buddy is far from his house, his childhood’s memories about his lovely friend, his dog- Queenie, Christmas holidays, and the kites always alive in his soul that make him strong and keep forward. That is why when his friend dies, Buddy feels as if he lost an irreplaceable part and while walking across the campus on December morning- Christmas time, Buddy still searches the sky with hope to see a pair of kites- his unforgettable memories about his lovely friend. â€Å"A Christmas Memory† is a vivid picture of family and lovely friendship of Buddy and his cousin that leaves a message for the reader: Family likes a house which has the base built by love  , four walls connected by care, the roof made by share  and the furniture inside are sacrifice.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Symbols In Young Goodman Brown

There is a fundamental internal struggle that every man and woman must endure. As though it were created in a timeless fashion, man has had to combat, what we have come to term, the forces of good and evil. In a much simpler time, these forces were apparent and obtrusive. They would force themselves upon us - upon the people of the times. In today’s world, evil (and thus good, as well) are less obvious; far more subtle. We must try to pinpoint them and draw them out, ever so carefully, that we not make a mistake and â€Å"witch hunt.† We can look back, though, at stories such as â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and pick out, quite easily, the struggle that unfolds within the pages. What we have here is the classic tale of good and evil, fighting to tempt man, trying to break his faith. This entire story is a symbol, an allegory, for something more set in a mythical mood. Rather than pick apart each and every piece of symbolism in the story, I think it is far more effective to let the pieces fill the whole, and decipher that. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory for faith. Moving one step further, this is a story about every person’s faith as it is directly connected to love and, thus, God. This story begins with Brown parting from his wife. Right form the start you can get a sense of what the theme will be. â€Å"...but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street†¦ (Hawthorne).† Enter the element of love, and how appropriately should love be named Faith, for what is love, but faith? It is no secret that at the time of creation, the newly found United States was filled with Protestants, Puritans, and others who had escaped religious persecution. The idea regarding God, as it still is now, is that God is love. Goodman Brown literally spells this out for us: â€Å"My love and my Faith,ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Symbols In Young Goodman Brown Free Essays on Symbols In Young Goodman Brown There is a fundamental internal struggle that every man and woman must endure. As though it were created in a timeless fashion, man has had to combat, what we have come to term, the forces of good and evil. In a much simpler time, these forces were apparent and obtrusive. They would force themselves upon us - upon the people of the times. In today’s world, evil (and thus good, as well) are less obvious; far more subtle. We must try to pinpoint them and draw them out, ever so carefully, that we not make a mistake and â€Å"witch hunt.† We can look back, though, at stories such as â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and pick out, quite easily, the struggle that unfolds within the pages. What we have here is the classic tale of good and evil, fighting to tempt man, trying to break his faith. This entire story is a symbol, an allegory, for something more set in a mythical mood. Rather than pick apart each and every piece of symbolism in the story, I think it is far more effective to let the pieces fill the whole, and decipher that. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory for faith. Moving one step further, this is a story about every person’s faith as it is directly connected to love and, thus, God. This story begins with Brown parting from his wife. Right form the start you can get a sense of what the theme will be. â€Å"...but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street†¦ (Hawthorne).† Enter the element of love, and how appropriately should love be named Faith, for what is love, but faith? It is no secret that at the time of creation, the newly found United States was filled with Protestants, Puritans, and others who had escaped religious persecution. The idea regarding God, as it still is now, is that God is love. Goodman Brown literally spells this out for us: â€Å"My love and my Faith,ï ¿ ½...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Practice in Eliminating Gender-Biased Language

Practice in Eliminating Gender-Biased Language This exercise will give you practice in recognizing sexually biased language and avoiding it in your writing. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review  sexist language,  biased language,  gender,  and generic pronouns. Instructions Consider how the following sentences reinforce sexual stereotypes by their reliance on gender-biased language. Then revise the sentences to eliminate the bias. To a woman who possesses the necessary qualifications, nursing offers a life of unusual interest and usefulness. She will have limitless opportunities to improve herself and to help others.Each laboratory assistant must perform the experiment at least once before he teaches it to the class.The priest asked, Are you ready to love and honor each other as man and wife for the rest of your lives?No matter how busy he is, a pilot should take the time to thank the stewardesses at the end of every flight.My grandparents days consist of waiting by the window for someone to come up the walkwhether friend, mailman or salesman.The female lawyer conceded that her client was no Mother Teresa.In some cases, if your insurance has been slow in paying and your doctor has his lab work done away from his office, you may receive a bill from a laboratory you have never heard of. If this happens, call your doctors billing secretary and ask her to tell you exactly what the bill is for.Though occasionally s he may be called on to help others in the office, a secretary should take orders only from the manager she supports. The beginning student should spend his time becoming familiar with primary rather than secondary texts, with classics rather than with books about classics.The shift from animal and muscle power to machine power was a major achievement for man. When you have completed the exercise, continue reading to compare your revised sentences with the sample answers. Sample Answers To those people who possess the necessary qualifications, nursing offers a life of unusual interest and usefulness. They will have limitless opportunities to improve themselves and to help others.Each laboratory assistant must perform the experiment at least once before teaching it to the class.The priest asked, Are you ready to love and honor each other as husband and wife for the rest of your lives?No matter how busy the pilots are, they should take the time  to thank the flight attendants at the end of every flight.My grandparents days consist of waiting by the window for someone to come up the walkwhether friend, mail  carrier or salesperson.The lawyer conceded that her client was no Mother Teresa.In some cases, if your insurance has been slow in paying and your doctors lab work is done away from the office, you may receive a bill from a laboratory you have never heard of. If this happens, call your doctors billing office and ask exactly what the bill is for.Though occasional ly they may be called on to help others in the office, secretaries [or  assistants] should take orders only from the managers they support. Beginning students should spend their time becoming familiar with primary rather than secondary texts, with classics rather than with books about classics.The shift from animal and muscle power to machine power was a major achievement for humanity.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Chinese Men's Gymnastics Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Chinese Men's Gymnastics Team - Essay Example In this category, Chinese Men’s gymnastics team was the main highlight of the event with large cloud cheering for their favorites. Over the past world competitions especially in Olympic Games, the Chinese Men’s gymnastics team has always been a moving force in gymnastics category due to their stunning performances. The team great performance has been greatly influenced by its credible leaders and talented teamwork. From first team heads LI Ning and Li Xiaoshuang to team leader Xiaopeng and his counterpart Yang Wei, Chinese Men’s gymnastics team has produced commendable results scoping top positions and several medals in the events. For instance, in the Los Angles Olympics held in year 1984 the team was the second run-up by taking the silver medal. The team leaders were not happy with the silver medal owing to their dedication to teamwork as well as resources invented for their preparation. However, in the following Olympic Games that were held in Beijing, the Chi nese male Gymnastic team was regarded as the winning team due to their excellence show in the group stages. The team comprised of experienced team leaders as well as new freshmen who offered stunning performance and cooperation. ... This has been evidenced by stunning performance where the team won all the Gold medals in 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2012 respectively. As Anderson (58), suggest the Chinese Men gymnastics team is recognized as major highlight of any world championship events and hot gold medal favorite due to their strength. Team leadership In the Rotterdam, the Netherlands world championships, the Chinese men gymnastic team comprised of the following gold medal winners: Chen Yibing (ring champion), Teng Haibin (parallel bars vice champion), Yan Mingyong (Rings vice champion), Feng Zhe (parallel bars vice champion) and Zhang Chenglong (horizontal horse champion). Over the past world championships in Gymnastics, the experienced team members mentioned above have remained at the pinnacle of the gold medal team performances, though there are upcoming new members considering the 2012 London Olympics games. In this regard, the gold medal winning team in 2012 event in London team comprises of Feng Zhe, Guo Weiyang, Zou Kai pose, Chen Yibing and Zhang Chenglong respectively. In this list of gold medal winner’s championships, it is evidence that experienced team names remain in the team due to their leadership and team strengths. With the team having a poor position for 2012 London Olympic event, most people did not expect to see the team stunning performance. Many spectators would have wondered how the Chinese men gymnastic team, which was defending Olympic champion and world titleholder for decade, would lose its strengths. The team fans had booked their tickets in advance for the opening game schedule to cheer the squad. According to media release, the fans would be had shouting the name of the new team

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Chapter13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter13 - Essay Example Moreover, warnings against excessive use of such products are particularly explicit. Negotiations are fundamental for the peaceful coexistence of nations. This is because its main objective is to come up with a win-win situation out of a conflict. Deception, evasiveness, or collusion are simply out of bounds during negotiations. This is because there is no scale against which these vices are to be weighed to create a limit beyond which they become unacceptable. Further, these vices misguide negotiations to reach a premature deal that cannot stand. Legality of a tactic in negotiations has no bearing on whether it is ethical or not. This is because, though the aim of negotiation is striking a balance, it hardly comes to that as each party always aims at achieving what is best for them. These tactics, therefore, come in handy for them to fool the other into believing that their stand is the best for both of them. Contrary to common belief, it is not naive to be entirely honest during negotiations. This is because full disclosure of facts is the best point to start. A clear statement of the facts also creates an environment that allows parties to evaluate their options. Impartiality helps them come up with suitable solutions that fully take care of their interests. Deception often makes a party wary of some topics during the negotiations, and this renders the whole affair futile. Rules that govern negotiations are not unique as they are objective and aim to satisfy those pertinent to the negotiation in utmost good faith. Negotiations adhere to common law. Adjustments take place in accordance with morality and ethics; social justice. Impression management may not be the same as lying, but this does not make it any less of a concern. This is because fabrication of such lies quenches the situation pending discovery. When the discovery takes place, which happens eventually,

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Interpretation of Statutes by Judges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Interpretation of Statutes by Judges - Essay Example For the autonomy of duty to prevail, judges, who are agents of the judiciary, are expected to interpret statutes by giving effect to the will of Parliament without amending statutes. However, in judiciary practice, statutory interpretation has been said to be subject to different approaches of construction, some of which give judges the powers to amend statutes when giving interpretations (McCloskey & Sanford 2005, p. 66). In this paper, two overall approaches to construction which are intrinsic and extrinsic interpretations are reviewed to have a deeper understanding as to whether in the interpretation of statutes judges simply give effects to the will of Parliament or amend status under the disguise of interpretation. Gluck (2004, p. 1764) noted that statutory aids to interpretation come in two major forms which comprise the use of intrinsic material and extrinsic material. When judges use intrinsic aids, they use materials found within the statute being interpreted, whilst the use of extrinsic aids involve the use of materials anything not found within the statute (Bennion 1997, p. 10). Using extrinsic aids have thus been referred to as non-adherence to literalism as literalism involves the strict adherence to what is found in the statute (Sullivan 2006, p. 74). The Interpretation Act 1978 is one specific aid to interpretation. This is because as seen in Hutton v. Esher UDC 1973, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides that any common term it defines to be used in interpreting any statute that contains the word or term. In Hutton v. Esher UDC 1973 therefore, the land was defined to include buildings acquired for the purpose of compulsory purchase and this interpretation was strictly used in the ruli ng of the judge.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Synthesis of Isatin Based Caspase Inhibitors

Synthesis of Isatin Based Caspase Inhibitors DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF ISATIN BASED CASPASE INHIBITORS FOR RUTHENIUM CAGING APPLICATIONS KASUN CHINTHAKA RATNAYAKE ABSTRACT Apoptosis is the energy dependent programmed cell death. Improper function of apoptosis could lead to diseases such as cancers, strokes, alziemer’s disease. Caspases are the enzymes involved in the later stage of this process. Peptidyl and non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors have been synthesized recently. One of these non-peptidyl compound classes which consist of pyrrolidinyl-5-sulfo isatins have showed a greater potency against executioner caspases, caspase-3 and -7. According to literature and for further caging studies, two compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated their inhibition against caspase-3 in this study. The analog in which its N-1 position alkylated with a 4-methyl pyridine moiety (7) showed a higher inhibition than the analog in which its N-1 alkylated with cyanoethyl group (8). Thus, the compound  7  was selected for further caging studies with ruthenium. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Apoptosis and Caspases Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. This is a significant cellular process which is directly co-related with embryogenesis, immune system, ageing and various diseases including cancers, stroke, myocardial infarction and neurodegenerative disorders.1 Caspases (cysteinyl dependent aspartate directed specific proteases) are the enzymes involved in the later stage of apoptosis. Caspases are divided to different classes according to their role played in the signaling cascade of apoptosis. Caspases 6, 8, 9 and 10 are involved as initiators and caspases 2, 3 and 7 are identified as executioner caspases in the signaling cascade.2The caspases 1, 4 and 5 are found to be non-active in the cell death process. 1.2 Caspase inhibition and modified isatin sulfonamides as caspase inhibitors Caspases play a significant role in both inflammation and apoptosis. Extensive researches have been conducted on caspases and their functions because they act as potential targets in drug discovery. Various inhibitors of Caspase have been made. These inhibitors could be categorized as non-peptidyl and peptidyl based compounds. A greater selectivity could be achieved when non-peptidyl inhibitors are used for different types of caspases. Isatin sulfonamides have showed inhibition on executioner caspases (caspase-3 and -7) in recent studies. In 2000, Lee and researchers reported the x-ray structure of caspase-3 with an isatin analog, 1-methyl-5-(2-phenoxymethyl-pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl)-1h-indole-2,3-dione (a) bound to the active site of the enzyme (Figure 1).3 Modifying isatin sulfonamide analogues with pyrrolidine groups have shown significant effect on caspase inhibition.4 For example, various pyrrolidinyl-5-sulfo isatins have been shown inhibition to caspases, 3 and 7 (Figure 2). These isatin sulfonamide analogs are modified using structure activity relationships and performed these biological assays. The following isatin sulfonamides have shown to be inhibit caspase-3. The stereochemistry of substituted pyrrolidine moiety, cyclic vs acyclic ring structures and ring sizes have been examined for these inhibition studies (figure 3).5 1.3 Ruthenium complexes for caging applications Ruthenium compounds have been reported as significant candidates for caging applications. Light activation of these metal complexes has been extensively studied. Recently, neuroactive biomolecules as well as small molecular enzyme inhibitors have been reported to be caged with these ruthenium complexes. Spatial and temporal release of these caged molecules upon light activation gives insight to develop new tools that could be used to treat various diseases in biological systems. In this study Ruthenium polypyridyl compounds are used in future studies since they have been considered as excellent candidates for caging application of small molecules. Chapter 2: Results and Data 2.1 General considerations All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received. Varian FT-NMR Mercury-400 Spectrometer was used to record all NMR spectra. IR spectra were recorded on High resolution mass spectra were recorded on.Melting points were recorded on .Enzyme inhibition assays were done on 2.2 Designing of Caspase inhibitors Recent studies show that various 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins act as caspase-3 inhibitors. Several factors were considered in the designing process of these analogs. First, higher caspase inhibition was considered. Use of specific stereochemistry in the pyrrolidine moiety is important since S-alkoxypyrrolidine is more potent than its R-stereoisomer which shows almost no potency against caspase-3. It is reported that methoxymethyl pyrrolidinyl analogs show higher cell toxicity than phenoxymethyl pyrrolidines, thus methoxymethyl pyrrolidine analogs were chosen for further studies. When considering the Ruthenium caging studies, the chosen analogs should contain a group which has a higher binding affinitiy towards Ruthenium. Therefore, pyridyl and cyano groups were selected to incorporate in these isatin sulfonamide analogs. These groups are chosen to be attached to N-1 position of isatin sulfonamide analog. It has been reported that higher alkyl chain on N-1 position could increase th e inhibition. Therefore 4-methylpyridine and cyanoethyl groups were selected to attach on N-1 position of these analogs and compounds 7 and 8 are designed (Figure 3). 2.3 Synthesis of designed isatin sulfonamide analogs The designed analogs were synthesized using literature and modified procedures5, 6, 7 (Scheme 1). The compound 5 was synthesized as the precursor for the final analogs 7 and 8. The compounds 7 and 8 were synthesized using modified and optimized procedures (Scheme 2 and Scheme 3). 2.4 Enzyme Inhibition Assay Caspase-3 inhibition assay was performed for compounds 6 and 7 according to the literature procedure.2 Compound 6 was found to be more potent (IC50 = .. ) of than compound 7 (IC50 = ..). Thus, compound 6 was selected for further caging studies with Ruthenium bipyridine complexes. 2.5 Experimental 2.5.1 Sodium 2,3-dioxoindoline-5-sulfonate (1) Isatin (10 g, 0.068 mol) was added carefully to a stirred solution of 20% SO3/H2SO4 (20 mL) at -15 °C. The reaction mixture was gently warmed up to 70  °C with stirring. Reaction mixture was stirred at 70  °C for another 15-20 min. The reaction mixture was carefully poured on to crushed ice and let ice to melt and then 20% NaOH was added to the reaction mixture (pH=7). The flask containing reaction mixture was kept in an ice bath to induce precipitation of the desired product. The solid was filtered, washed with ice-cold water and dried to give red-orange crystalline solid. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 14.48 g (0.051 mol. 75%) 2.5.2 2,3-dioxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride (2) Sodium 2,3-dioxoindoline-5-sulfonate dihydrate (2 g, 70 mmol) was dissolved in tetramethylene sulfone (10 mL) under Argon environment at 60-70  °C and phosphorus oxychloride (3.36 mL, ) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and kept in an ice bath. Then ice-cold water was added to the reaction mixture carefully. A precipitate was formed, filtered, washed with ice-cold water and dried used without further purification. The desired compound is yielded as a bright yellow solid. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 1.58 g (64 mmol, 92%). 2.5.3 Tert-butyl (S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (3) To a solution of N-Boc-L-prolinol (5.0 g, 25 mmol) in THF (25 mL) at -78  °C, Sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) (960 mg, 40.0 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 min. Then methyl iodide (2.65 mL, 42.5 mmol) was added dropwise and reaction was stirred for 4h at -78  °C and additional 16 h at RT. Then NH4Cl was added until all H2 evolved and EtOAc was added. The organic layer was washed with water and sat. NaCl, dried over anhyd. Na2SO4 and concentrated to give a pale yellow oil and purified with petroleum ether: ether (9:1) to give a colorless oil. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 4.986 g (23.16 mmol, 92%) 2.5.4 (S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (4) To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (4.98 g, 23.07 mmol) in DCM (40 mL), TFA (25 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min at 0  °C. The reaction was warmed to RT and stirred for additional 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was added to 150 mL of 10% NaOH solution and extracted with DCM (50 mL x 3), dried over anhyd. Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain a pale yellow oil. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 2.657 g (23.07 mmol, 100%) 2.5.5 (S)-5-((2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)indoline-2,3-dione (5) The compound (1) was synthesized according to procedure reported by Harvan et al.1 To a stirred solution of 2,3-dioxoindoline-5-sulfonyl chloride (2 g, 8.153 mmol) in 1:1 THF/CHCl3 (80 mL), a solution of (S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine (1.033 g, 8.968 mmol) and DIPEA (2.84 mL, 16.310 mmol) in CHCl3 was added dropwise under Argon environment and stirred for 1 h at 0  °C. The reaction stirred for additional 1 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using 1:1 EtOAc:Petroleum ether and isolated as bright yellow crystals. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 1.185 g (36.53 mmol, 45%) 2.5.6 4-(bromomethyl)pyridine hydrobromide salt (6) Pyridin-4-ylmethanol (5.0 g) was dissolved in 48% HBr (50 mL) and refluxed for 24 h. (Reaction was monitored for completion using TLC). The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo until a thick gum appeared and treated with absolute Ethanol at 5  °C. The white crystalline solid obtained was filtered and washed thoroughly with cold absolute Ethanol. The 1H-NMR data was compared and matched with literature data. Yield: 4.74 g (18.7 mmol, 41%) 2.5.7 (S)-5-((2-(methoxymethyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-1-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)indoline-2,3-dione (7) To a stirred solution of (S)-5-((2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)indoline-2,3-dione (1) (168 mg, 0.518 mmol) in DMF, 60% NaH in mineral oil (51.8 mg, 1.295 mmol) was added at 0  °C under Argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 30 min. Then a solution of 4-Bromomethyl pyridine (130.6 mg, 0.518 mmol) in DMF was added dropwise and stirred for 4 h at 0  °C. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated NaCl (20 mLÃâ€"3). The organic layer was dried over anhyd. Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was crystallized using EtOAc:Hexanes and isolated as a yellow solid. Yield: 85.8 mg (0.207 mmol, 40%) mp = 172-174  °C, 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ÃŽ ´ 8.64 (d, 2H, J = 6 Hz), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.27 (d, 2H, J = 3.6 Hz), 6.83 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.99 (s, 2H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.55 (dd, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz, 4 Hz), 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): ÃŽ ´ 8.51 (d, 2H, J = ..Hz), 8.01 (d, 1H, J = Hz), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, 2H, J = Hz), 7.07 (d, 1H, J = Hz), 4.99 (s, 2H), 3.67 (m, 1H), 3.41 (dd, 1H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 3.06 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 2H) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): ÃŽ ´ 183.2, 160.8, 152.5, 150.5, 137.5, 134.9, 124.9, 122.1, 117.5, 110.8, 74.8, 59.2, 59.1, 49.3, 43.3, 28.8, 24.1 IR (ÃŽ ½max) (KBr): 3443, 2929, 2361, 2342, 1747, 1616, 1478, 1450, 1417, 1365, 1344, 1330, 1199, 1181, 1154, 1130, 1115, 1070, 1041, 994 MS (HRMS): 432 (M+Na+MeOH)+, 400 (M+Na)+ 2.5.8 (S)-3-(5-((2-(methoxymethyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)-2,3-dioxoindolin-1-yl)propanenitrile (8) To a stirred solution of (S)-5-((2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)indoline-2,3-dione (1) (200 mg, 0.620 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), KOH (4 mg, 0.062 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 min at RT. Then acrylonitrile (45  µL, 0.680 mmol) was added dropwise and stirred for 2 days under Argon environment at RT. The reaction mixture was added to H2O (30 mL), and extracted with EtOAc (20 mLÃâ€"3). The combined organic layer was washed with 10% NaCl (20 mLÃâ€"3). The organic layer was dried over anhyd. Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified with CH2Cl2: MeOH (99:1) to afford yellowish-orange solid. Yield: 63.6 mg (0.169 mmol, 27%) mp = 134-138  °C, 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): ÃŽ ´ 8.15 (d,1H,J=Hz), 8.11(d,1H, J=.Hz), 7.18(d,1H,J=.Hz), 4.10 (t,2H,J=), 3.77(m,2H), 3.57(dd, 2H, J= Hz), 3.43(m,H), 3.40 (s,..H), 3.38(d, H, J=Hz), 3.36 (s,3H,), 3.14(m,H), 2.98,2.96,2.94, 2.86(t,2H, J=Hz), 2.04(s,..H), 1.92(m,H), 1.69 (m,.H), 1.55(s,H) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): ÃŽ ´ 180.8, 157.8, 152.3, 137.6, 134.7, 124.9, 117.5, 116.8, 110.4, 74.8, 59.3, 59.1, 49.4, 36.8, 28.8, 24.1, 16.7 IR (ÃŽ ½max) (KBr): 3422, 2921, 2852, 2361, 2251, 1742, 1717, 1647, 1612, 1558, 1542, 1508, 1475, 1456, 1418, 1373, 1364, 1340, 1314, 1268, 1234, 1195, 1175, 1153, 1133, 1063, 1046, 991, 970, 905, 877 MS (HRMS): 470 (M+Na+MeOH)+ Chapter 3: Conclusion and Future directions The compounds 7 and 8 were both potent for caspase-3 but compound 7 show more inhibition than that of compound 8. Thus compound 7 was selected for further ruthenium caging studies. The caged ruthenium complexes could be subjected for light activation experiments where IC50 of this complex under light and dark conditions could be determined and the dark to light inhibition ratio could be explored. Then cell toxicity studies could be done in order to explore the ability of these ruthenium complexes for prevention of apoptosis in biological systems. These combined experiments and results could lead to the final goal of this research study which is the development of novel tools to prevent apoptosis in biological systems.

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Need for International Labor Standards Essay -- Economy Economics

The Need for International Labor Standards "The statesman, who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted, not only to no single person, but to no single council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it" (Smith, 1776: 456) Introduction There is no question that the combination of the free market and rapidly advancing technologies has integrated the world economy to a level unsurpassed in history. In the quote that begins this chapter, Adam Smith asserts that government intervention in this free market is not only disruptive but also dangerous. However, it is essential that market forces be directed in a manner that is beneficial to working people as well as the owners of large capital interests. Countries that habitually ignore labor rights should not be permitted to enjoy unfair trading advantages at the expense of their workers. Although Smith feels that governmental or supragovernmental intervention is harmful, it is essential that the rapid growth of free markets be tempered with compassion for those who are fueling this expansion. While there are a great multitude of organizations and laws that protect the interests of corporations, there is very little to protect the world’s working people. Smith, being an economist, is content to merely look at the macroeconomic picture without examining the human side of the situation. It is my thesis that the United States should make functioning and enforceable labor standards an integral part o... ...titution. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/overview/iloconst.htm#pre Regional Employment Prograe for Latin America and the Caribbean. 1978. Employment in Latin America. New York: Praeger Publishers. Ramos, Joseph R. 1970. Labor and Development in Latin America. New York: Columbia University Press. Smith, Adam. 1976. [1776]. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis: The Liberty Fund. U.S. Tariff Act of 1930. 1999. http://www.ita.doc.gov/import_admin/records/apo/title7.htm Van Grasstek, Craig. 1999. "Labor Rights." In Miguel Rodriguez Mendoza, et. al. 1999. Trade Rules in the Making. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. World Trade Organization. 1999. The WTO Agreements. http://www.wto.org/wto/inbrief/inbr03.htm World Trade Organization. 1999. The WTO in Brief. http://www.wto.org/wto/inbrief/inbr00.htm

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Elements of Art Essay

Each work of art has elements of unity and elements of variety. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. The center of interest or focal point is the place the artist draws your eyes first. Artists use balance in order to construct paintings. These elements of art such as unity, variety, focal point or area of interest and balance will be used to give you a better understanding. Examples from â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), â€Å"Pablo Picasso† (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie, 1908) will be used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art. Some ways of creating unity might be to make everything in a painting a similar color, or a series of repeating shapes, or a consistent texture made with brush strokes. At times, variety coerces the eye to pay particular attention to that object. Variety occurs when an artist creates something that looks different from the rest of the artwork. For example, â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico†, (The Mystery and Melancholy of a street, 1914) depicts unity and variety with light/dark (cooler and warmer hues) various shapes and lines. Unity is depicted in the repletion of the square windows, directly above the repletion of archways alongside two buildings. Variety is depicted in the chosen colors and various shapes and lines. In â€Å"Chirico’s† oil canvas, variety is applied by the contrasting of warmer hues aside the cooler hues (light and dark) conveying both space/distance and receding/closeness. The unity and variety in this canvas is brought together through the repetition depicted on the two buildings, the warmer hues and light expressing depth and the cooler hues and dark expressing the closeness. These same principles of the elements of unity and variety, are depicted in â€Å"Picasso’s, Goya’s and Mondrain’s† Canvases. Artists emphasize certain parts of their artwork to stand out and grab your attention. This is called a focal point or area of interest. An artist applies a focal point or area of interest for the coercion of the viewer’s eyes. In â€Å"Picasso† (Seated Nude) the area of interest is establish with the choices of color. He has placed warmer hues (red, orange and yellow) throughout the body of a nude man sleeping. â€Å"Picass† emphasizes the man by a  focal point, using light to contrast the man’s shoulder, rib, chin and ear, thus attracting the eye to various cooler hues and forms. In â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children) the coercion of the viewer is brought about with the contrasting colors. Here â€Å"Goys† has used dark (cooler) hues surrounding a man and his malice expression. Emphasizing the man are light (warmer) hues, thus depicting the devouring of the carcass of a woman. The devouring is emphasized by, blood (red hue) dripping down her arm from inside the man’s mouth. The viewer’s eyes are first coerced to the facial expression on the man’s face. These same principle of the element of the focal point or areas of interest, are depicted in both â€Å"Chirico’s† and â€Å"Mondrains’s† canvases. Balance is one of the elements of art, which is very important to artists and their work. By using balance to guide our attention around a work, artists give structure to our perception of it. Their are three different elements of balance an artist uses to construct their paintings. They are, (symmetrical balance), which means both sides of an imaginary line are the same, (asymmetrical balance), meaning each side of an imaginary line are different yet equal and (radial balance), meaning lines or shapes grow from a center point. However, in the reference pieces of, â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie) and Gorigio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street), â€Å"Pablo Picasso† (Seated Nude) and â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children) an (asymmetrical) balance was used to construct these canvases. Both sides of this imaginary line are different yet equal, thus bringing together the other elements of art. Concluding, unity is the feeling that everything in the work of art works together and suggest that it belongs. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. A focal point or areas of interest are used for the coercion of the viewer’s attention. Lastly, an important factor is balance. Artists use balance in order to construct a painting. All of the elements of art discussed here play an important role in designing of art. â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), â€Å"Pablo Picasso†Ã‚  (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie, 1908) were used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Children and Advertising Essay

Children are the most vulnerable to advertising. They are the most susceptible because their minds are immature and are unable to distinguish good advertising versus bad advertising. Television commercials have a huge impact on how it affects children. Commercials are the biggest form of advertisement geared toward children. â€Å"Children between the ages of two and eleven view well over 20,000 television commercials yearly, and that breaks down to 150 to 200 hours† (MediaFamily, 1998). Television advertisements geared towards children have the biggest market by far. â€Å"The advertising market in 1997 showed that children under twelve years of age spent well over twenty-four million dollars of their own money on products they saw on television† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser go on to say that advertisers have even hired psychologists as consultants to help the advertisers come up with fine-tuned commercials that attract children (2000). In 1999, a group of psychologists wrote to the American Psychological Association asking them to restrict the use of psychological research by advertisers to help sell their products to children. This letter also called for, â€Å"an ongoing campaign to probe, review and confront the use of psychological research in advertising and marketing to children† (Hays 1999). â€Å"Some child advertisers boldly admit that the commercials they use exploit children and create conflicts within the family† (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). Kanner and Kasser also say that, advertisers work very hard to increase their products â€Å"nag factor†. This term often refers to how often children pressure their parents to buy the item they saw advertised on television (2000). The effects on advertising to children can be very noticeable. There have been numerous studies done that document that â€Å"children under eight years old are  unable to understand the intent of advertisements developmentally, therefore  they accept the advertising claims as true† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to say that children under the age of eight cannot distinguish commercial advertisements from regular television programming. In addition, advertisers have become sneaky about the way they convey their product† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). For example, when the announcer says, â€Å"some assembly required† for a toy, it is at the end of the commercial and the announcer speaks very quickly. Sometimes, the disclaimers are written in small print and shown at the end of the commercial, and are not understood by most young children. Excessive television viewing often times causes higher obesity rates among children. Children often see foods that are high in fat and calories advertised on television and end up consuming too much of these foods. The American Academy of Pediatrics says that the bombardment of advertising for food and toys to children may result in the increased number of conflicts between parents and children. The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that, â€Å"advertising directed toward children is inherently deceptive and exploits children under eight years of age† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). Cigarette advertisements seen in magazines or billboards are an area that is in need of change. â€Å"In 1988, teenagers alone spent well over $1.26 billions on cigarettes and smokeless tobacco† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). This number has rose significantly since 1988, and continues to rise rapidly. Although there is an advertisement ban of cigarettes on television, logos and billboards are prominent in televised sports. This makes television advertising of cigarettes very prominent. There were two studies down in the early 1990s on cigarette advertisements. This study looked at how familiar children were with the Old Joe Camel logo on Camel cigarettes. â€Å"These studied revealed that nearly one third of three-year-old children, and almost all of the children over the age of six could identify the Joe Camel logo. By the age of six,  the Joe Camel logo was as familiar to children as Mickey Mouse† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). The advertising campaign for Camel cigare ttes was more  effective among children and adolescents than it was among adults. â€Å"In 2000, a study showed that on average, eighty-two percent of children in the United States see the numerous magazine advertisements for cigarettes† (Siegel, 2001). Alcohol advertisements on television are another touchy area. â€Å"American children view nearly 2000 beer and wine commercials every year on television and these ads specifically target young people by showing the â€Å"advantages† of drinking† (Shelov, S., et. al., 1995). There is a public health interest in trying to protect children from alcohol and cigarette advertisements. â€Å"The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends banning all tobacco and alcohol advertisements in the media, but some researchers believe that counter-advertising advertisements are more effective† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Recently though, there have been counter-advertising campaigns aimed reducing the number of young people who smoke. In 2001, the â€Å"I Decide† campaign started airing on television. â€Å"This anti-smoking campaign, sponsored by the Illinois Department of Public Health, is the current anti-smoking campaign in Illinois. The â€Å"I Decide† advertisement aired on local ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX, and the WB networks in Winnebago, Macon, Champaign, Tazewell, Sangamon, Peoria, and McLean counties. I Decide advertisements also run on the following cable networks, ESPN, MTV, BET, Comedy Central, and TBS† (Illinois Department of Health, 2002). Alcohol and cigarette advertisements are still around and promote the wrong message to children. The effects on advertising to children can be very evident. There are laws and organizations out there to help protect children from advertisers. Advertising is a powerful tool in American culture today; it exists solely to sell  products and services. Advertising to children has not always been legal. ‘In 1750 BC, the Code of Hammurabi made it a crime to sell anything to a child without obtaining consent† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Things in the advertising industry have changed significantly since then. In 1978, Michael Pertschuk, the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, tried to restrict television advertisements aimed at children under thirteen. Due to a  ferocious lobbying campaign, his proposal did not pass (Kanner & Kasser, 2000). In the last fifteen years or so, there have been a few laws passed about advertising to children on television. â€Å"The Children’s Television Act of 1990 mandated that all broadcasters must show either educational or instructional children’s programming in order to renew their broadcasting license. This act also limits commercial time to ten and a half minutes per hour on weekends, and twelve minutes per hour on weekdays† (Shelov, S. et. al, 1995). Shelov and others continue on to say that, the main problem with this law is that television stations can cite public service announcements to fulfill the Children’s Television Act. They also said that this Act also established the Children’s Television Endowment Fund, which encourages the development of new educational programming for children (1995). There is currently an organization called the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) that is part of the Council of Better Business Bureaus. CARU reviews advertising and any promotional materials directed at children in the media (Council of Better Business Bureau, 2000). The Council of the Better Business Bureau continues on to say that CARU’s main duties are to review and evaluate child-directed advertisements in all forms of media, and to review the online privacy practices if they affect children. â€Å"If the advertisements are inconsistent or misleading with CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising, they seek change through the voluntary cooperation of advertisers† (2000). They work closely with advertisers to promote educational messages to children that are consistent with the  Children’s Television Act of 1990. The CARU’s Self-Regulatory Guidelines for Children’s Advertising gives criteria for evaluating advertising that is child-directed. There continues to be many more organizations out there that help protect children from advertisements. Until advertisers stop targeting children, there will always be a need for organizations that help protect children from advertisemen ts. It seems to me that the best ways to protect children from what adults fear will harm them- alcohol, drugs or advertising, is to set an example by our own behavior. We can talk with them  and encourage them to talk about the subject. The effects of media are minimized when parents talk to children about them. Whether we like it or not media education begins at home. The Internet is also another medium where children are at risk. Numerous web sites feature advertising to children. † In fact, many web sites are set up exclusively for children, such as, Nickelodeon’s and Disney’s. A growing number of web sites are now eliciting personal information. Some even use incentives and gifts to get e-mail addresses or other personal info† (DeFalco 1996). There is a very important law that helps protect children on the Internet. In April 2000, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA) took effect. â€Å"This Act says that if any personable identifiable information about a child under thirteen years of age is collected online, a privacy notice must be posted† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). â€Å"Website operators must also get parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing any personally identifiable information. In addition, this Act allows parents to review any personal identifiable information collected from their children. When the parents review their child’s personal information, they have the right to revoke their consent and ask that the information they collected about  their child is deleted from that website† (Federal Trade Commission, 2000). The Federal Trade Commission also says that site operators are required to list any third parties that the website operator gives information to, about a child. If the list of third parities changes, the website operator must have parental consent again (2000). The Center for Media Education (CME) is an organization that is dedicated to protecting children online by visiting websites to make sure that the COPPA rules are being enforced. CME is a national nonprofit organization, which dedicates itself to creating quality electronic media culture for children  and youth, for their families, and for the community. Their research focuses on the potential for children and youth in this rapidly evolving digital media age. â€Å"Over the years, CME has been the leading force in expanding both children’s educational television programming and fostering television and Internet safeguard for children and teens† (Center for Media Education, 2001). The Internet is an area that is growing rapidly, and is one area where children are the most vulnerable to advertising. Advertising to children also has many positive benefits, for both the marketers’ pocket and for the development of the child. â€Å"Kids are little human beings that need to grow up and learn valuable lessons, that throughout their lives they are going to want things that they can not have† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Also, in the media demanding society that we live in, learning how to decipher the truth of advertising messages is critical. Likewise, advertisers argue that parents still have ultimate control over household purchasing decisions. This presents an opportunity for children to learn to respect authority, which is another step critical to a child’s development. Additionally, advertising money helps pay for educational opportunities. â€Å"Without  advertising there would be a lot less toys and a lot less children’s programming such as Nickelodeon and the Cartoon Network† (Fletcher and Phillips 1998). Marketers are also using their advertising dollars to benefit education in other ways. â€Å"Cadbury, Pentax, C&A and Coca-Cola are advertising in textbooks and other learning materials such as wall charts† (Marshall, 1997). Due to under-funded school budgets, money may have not been otherwise available to pay for these supplementary educational materials. Advertising to children definitely has both positive and negative benefits that help and hinder the development of the child. Regardless of the effects  that marketers have on our youth, advertisements will continue. Mainly in part due to the high amount of dollars involved. New areas of the ethical debate will also continue to grow. Some of these new issues are the controversies that are arising from the exponential growth of the Internet and of global marketing. Both governmental agencies and parents need to be aware of this continuing debate as these new issues arise. Also, awareness needs to be developed on how these new issues affect children based on existing psychological research so that parents and the government can react in the best approach possible. The boundaries in media and advertising are rapidly changing. Young people will benefit more by learning to make intelligent media (and consumer) decisions than by attempts to limit their exposure to information that they will inevitably be exposed to regardless of the regulatory climate. Works Cited Center for Media Education. (2001). About the center for media education (CME). Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.cme.org. Council of Better Business Bureau. (2000). About the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU). Retrieved January 30, 2002, from Http://www.caru.org/carusubpgs/aboutcarupg.asp. Federal Trade Commission. (2000). How to protect kids’ privacy online. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/online/kidsprivacy.htm. Fletcher, Winston and Phillips, Richard. (1998, May 29). â€Å"A children’s character for advertising; analysis of advertising which targets children.† Campaign, page 28. Hays, C.L. (1999, October 31). Group says ads manipulate children with psychology. New York Times, p. C6. Illinois Department of Health (2002). I decide. Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Http://www.idecide4me.com/html/campaign/schedule.asp. Kanner, A.D., & Kasser, T. (2000). Stuffing our kids: Should psychologists help advertisers manipulate children? Retrieved January 30, 2002, from http://www.commercialalert.org/ Marshall, Caroline. (1997, September) â€Å"Protect the parents; exploiting parents and children via advertising.† Management Today, Page 92. Mediafamily (1998). Children’s advertising and gender roles. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.mediaandthefamily.org/research/fact/childgen.shtml. Mediascope (2000). Children, health, and advertising. Retrieved January 31, 2002, from Http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/cha.htm. Shelov, S., Bar-on, M., Beard, L., Hogan, M., Holroyd, J.H., Prentice, B., Sherry, S.N., & V. Strasburger. (1995). Children, adolescents, and advertising. American Academy of Pediatrics, 95(2), 295-297. Siegel, M. (2001). Tobacco ads still aimed at kids, experts advise stronger protection. Ca, 51(6), 324-326.